![]() 15 Furthermore, the study of exosomes plays a critical role in understanding the pathological aspects of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and various other diseases. 14 This approach negates the need for invasive biopsies and holds promise for therapeutic applications. Though many studies confirm that exosomes can interact with target cells, 11– 13 but the mechanisn is still unclear.Īnalyzing exosomes holds promise as a potential method for early cancer screening, providing valuable insights into the genetic makeup of tumors. MicroRNA in exosomes can serve as a shuttle to transfer genetic materials between cells and regulate the gene expression to the target cells. 7– 10 They significantly contribute to facilitating intercellular communication and the exchange of substrates, often inducing physiological alternates in target cells by transferring lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Till now, 1639 mRNAs, 764 miRNAs, and 4563 proteins have been recognized in exosomes derived from various tissues. 6 Exosome contains (ribonucleic acid) RNA species such as messenger RNA, microRNA, and other RNA's, lipid, and cell-specific proteins. 5 Exosomes are released by all living cells into biological fluids including body plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva, which are predominantly rich in membrane proteins. 3, 4 The core of the exosome comprises a ring structure of six proteins that belong to a similar class of RNases. 2 In 1997, exosomes were first discovered as an RNase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then were identified in a diverse array of mammalian cell classes. 1 They have nanometer-scaled size (50–100 nm in diameter), and exhibit a buoyant density ranging from 1.13 to 1.19 g ml −1. It can be combined with Machine Learning for precise analysis of individuals.Įxosomes are extracellular nanovesicles and are actively released by the majority of living cells inside multivesicular endosomes through the creation of intraluminal vesicles. This review will cover the outlook on chip-based diagnostics for liquid biopsy, detection, and isolation of exosomes to support cancer diagnostics.Įxosomes are excellent biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis.Įxosome chips are important detection tools for cancer diagnosis.Įxosome chips are convenient to isolate and capture exosomes from patient samples.Įxosome chips can perform a liquid biopsy at a low cost. Further, these chips can integrate with electrochemical and optical detectors, and mass spectrometry enabling comprehensive studies of diseases. Such devices offer on-chip detection, high-throughput analysis, and multiplex measurements. ECs are miniaturized microfluidic devices designed to isolate, capture, and analyze exosomes for analysis of patient samples. Exosomes have a crucial function in the exchange of information between cells and are present in biological fluids. A liquid biopsy combined with an exosome-chip (EC) is an important detection tool for early cancer diagnosis.
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